44 of the 48 most populous coastal cities have areas sinking faster than the sea is rising, driven by groundwater pumping and compacted soil from heavy buildings
Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam is sinking 16.2 millimetres a year
Shutterstock/Nguyen Quang Ngoc Tonkin
Nearly all of the 48 most populous coastal cities have areas sinking more rapidly than seas are rising.
Globally, sea levels are rising about 3.7 millimetres a year on average, much of which is from melting ice driven by climate change. In many places, land is also sinking due to groundwater pumping, oil and gas extraction and sediment compacted by heavy buildings – a process called land subsidence.
Cheryl Tay at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore and her colleagues used radar from satellites to measure rates of subsidence within the world’s 48 most populous coastal cities between 2014 and 2020.
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In 44 cities, the most rapidly subsiding areas were sinking faster than sea levels are rising. Cities in south and South-East Asia were some of the most rapidly subsiding cities, including Tianjin in China and Ahmedabad in India, which both had areas sinking faster than 20 millimetres a year.
The median rate of sinking for each city ranged from 16.2 millimetres a year in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, to a rise of 1.1 millimetres per year in Nanjing, China. These rates weren’t adjusted for other factors that can raise or lower land level, such as a phenomenon in which land pressed down by ice rises over thousands of years after the ice melts. The researchers measured all areas within the boundaries of a city, even if it was kilometres from the coast.
In a case study of Ho Chi Minh City, researchers found that an additional 20 square kilometres would be below sea level and could be inundated if current rates of subsidence continued to 2030. About 880 square kilometres would be below sea level without subsidence. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, could see an additional 2 square kilometres inundated, representing a 16 per cent increase to inundation without subsidence.
However, Manoochehr Shirzaei at Virginia Tech says the elevation maps used in the case studies to estimate the extent of flooding aren’t reliable for many parts of the world, and that focusing on the most rapidly sinking inland areas of cities rather than areas directly on the coast could “exaggerate the impact” of land subsidence. A recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that looked at land level change along the coast globally over a century found a narrower range – the most rapid subsidence was 5.2 millimetres a year.
But if the rapid subsidence reported here were sustained, it could be “a very substantial driver” of sea-level related hazards, says Robert Kopp at Rutgers University in New Jersey, who worked on the IPCC report.
“Land subsidence has always been treated as a side thing,” says Shirzaei. “This puts it in the spotlight.”
Journal reference: Nature Sustainability, DOI: 10.1038/s41893-022-00947-z
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