Undergraduate education: The U.S. Department of Education’s College Scorecard provides information about undergraduate colleges and universities. Though postgraduate earnings are drawn from IRS data, most of the rest of this information comes from the institutions themselves. Graduation rates shown reflect the proportion of students who finish within eight years. Another government website called College Navigator has some of the same information, in a slightly less user-friendly format, but in some categories the data is more recent.

What college costs:Tuition Tracker lets families see what they will actually pay, depending on their household income, for any U.S. college or university. Data is collected by the nonprofit journalism organization The Hechinger Report and comes from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System of the National Center for Education Statistics, which in turn is an arm of the U.S. Department of Education.

For law schools: The American Bar Association collects bar passage rates, employment outcomes and other information about the 199 U.S. law schools it accredits, requiring that deans attest personally to their accuracy and occasionally auditing data that raises red flags.

For medical schools: The Association of American Medical Colleges provides basic information about medical schools in the U.S. and Canada, obtained from scores and surveys of people who take the Medical College Admissions Test, which the AAMC administers. More detailed information that can be compared among schools requires a $28 subscription. See additional free facts from AAMC about medical schools.